Despite being responsible for state-of-the-art results in several computer vision and natural language processing tasks, neural networks have faced harsh criticism due to some of their current shortcomings. One of them is that neural networks are correlation machines prone to model biases within the data instead of focusing on actual useful causal relationships. This problem is particularly serious in application domains affected by aspects such as race, gender, and age. To prevent models from incurring on unfair decision-making, the AI community has concentrated efforts in correcting algorithmic biases, giving rise to the research area now widely known as fairness in AI. In this survey paper, we provide an in-depth overview of the main debiasing methods for fairness-aware neural networks in the context of vision and language research. We propose a novel taxonomy to better organize the literature on debiasing methods for fairness, and we discuss the current challenges, trends, and important future work directions for the interested researcher and practitioner.
translated by 谷歌翻译
研究人员高度利用了原位同步加速器高能X射线粉末衍射（XRD）技术，可以分析功能设备（例如电池材料）或复杂样品环境中材料的晶体结构反应堆）。材料的原子结构可以通过其衍射模式以及详细的分析（例如Rietveld的细化）来识别，该分析表明测量的结构如何偏离理想结构（例如内部应力或缺陷）。对于原位实验，通常在不同条件下（例如绝热条件）在同一样本上收集一系列XRD图像，产生不同的物质状态，或者简单地作为时间的时间连续收集，以跟踪样品的变化超过化学或物理过程。原位实验通常与区域探测器一起进行，收集由理想粉末的衍射环组成的2D图像。根据材料的形式，人们可能会观察到除现实样本及其环境的典型Debye Scherrer环以外的其他特征，例如纹理或优选方向以及2D XRD图像中的单晶衍射点。在这项工作中，我们介绍了对机器学习方法的研究，以快速可靠地识别XRD图像中的单晶衍射点。在XRD图像整合过程中排除伪影的排除允许精确分析感兴趣的粉末衍射环。我们观察到，当用高度多样的数据集对较小的子集进行训练时，梯度提升方法可以始终如一地产生高精度的结果。与常规方法相比，该方法大大减少了识别和分离单晶斑所花费的时间。
translated by 谷歌翻译